Saif Khan Jun. Fareed Khan Nov. Show More. Total views. You just clipped your first slide! Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips.
Visibility Others can see my Clipboard. Cancel Save. Exclusive 60 day trial to the world's largest digital library. Activate your free 60 day trial. This voltage difference is amplified via a power transistor. As the output of op-amp increases,the base-current and the collector-current of the transistor rise. This increase in current speeds up the motor.
LM 2. Capacitors 3 3. Resistors 12 4. Signal Generator 6. Digital Multimeter 7. The IC has a hand full of applications like analog to digital conversion, long term integration, voltage to frequency conversion, frequency to voltage conversion.
Wide dynamic range and excellent linearity makes the IC well suitable for the applications mentioned above. Here the LM is wired as a frequency to voltage converter which converts the input frequency into a proportional voltage which is extremely linear to the input frequency. The frequency to voltage conversion is attained by differentiating the input frequency using capacitor C3 and resistor R7 and feeding the resultant pulse train to the pin6 threshold of the IC. The negative going edge of the resultant pulse train at pin6 makes the built-in comparator circuit to trigger the timer circuit.
At any instant, the current flowing out of the current output pin pin 6 will be proportional to the input frequency and value of the timing components R1 and C1. As a result a voltage Vout proportional to the input frequency Fin will be available across the load resistor R4. The voltage can be calculated using the equation: '. For absolute output, replace R6 with fixed 0.
Replace C2 with a 1. What is the purpose of the variable resistor? What is the function of capacitor C3? What happens when the value of C2 is increased?
What is the range of input signal amplitude allowed? First instance of copying may entail ZERO in that experiment. Second instance of copying may be reported to DC. This may result in awarding FAIL in the lab course.
If a fuse blows or circuit breaker trips repeatedly while in normal use not overloaded , check for shorts and other faults in the line or devices. Do not resume use until the trouble is fixed. Use extension cords only when necessary and make sure they are heavy enough for the job. Extension cords should ONLY be used on a temporary basis in situations where fixed wiring is not feasible.
Keep the total load at any one time safely below maximum capacity. Cords should not be hung on nails, run over or wrapped around objects, knotted or twisted. This may break the wire or insulation.
Short circuits are usually caused by bare wires touching due to breakdown of insulation. Electrical tape or any other kind of tape is not adequate for insulation!
If any defects are found the electric cords should be removed from service immediately. Pulling the cord could break a wire, causing a short circuit. Do not tamper with fuses as this is a potential fire hazard. Do not overload circuits as this may cause the wires to heat and ignite insulation or other combustibles.
Always use lights bulbs with the recommended wattage for your lamp and equipment. Wiring installations should always be made by a licensed electrician or other qualified person. All electrical lab equipment should have the label of a testing laboratory. Be alert and proceed with caution at all times in the laboratory. Carefully follow all instructions, both written and oral. Unauthorized experiments are not allowed. Read all procedures thoroughly before entering the laboratory.
Never fool around in the laboratory. Horseplay, practical jokes, and pranks are dangerous and prohibited. Work areas should be kept clean and tidy at all times. Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or interfere with the laboratory experiments of others.
Long hair, dangling jewelry, and loose or baggy clothing are a hazard in the laboratory. Long hair must be tied back, and dangling jewelry and baggy clothing must be secured. A typical pair is brass and steel with typical expansion coefficients of 19 and 13 parts per million per degree Celsius respectively. The examples shown are straight strips, but bimetallic strips are made in coils to increase their sensitivity for use in thermostats. One of the many uses for bimetallic strips is in electrical breakers where excessive current through the strip heats it and bends it to trip the switch to interrupt the current.
A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement. The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated, usually steel and copper, or in some cases brass instead of copper. The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting, brazing or welding. The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature.
The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled. Conclusion: Hence the s tudy of various temperature measuring instruments and their response times is completed. Aim: To study the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and to check the calibration of the gauge in a deadweight pressure gauge calibration set up.
Apparatus used: Deadweight Pressure Gauge calibration set up. Theory: These are used for measurement of pressure and vacuum and are suitable for all clean and non-clogging liquid and gaseous media. Bourdon gauge consists of a hollow metal tube with an oval cross section, bent in the shape of a hook. One end of the tube is closed, the other open and connected to the measurement region.
If pressure above local atmospheric pressure is applied, the oval cross section will become circular, and at the same time the tube will straighten out slightly. The resulting motion of the closed end, proportional to the pressure, can then be measured via a pointer or needle connected to the end through a suitable linkage. Working of the Bourdon Pressure Gauge: In order to understand the working of the bourdon pressure gauge, we need to consider a cross-section of the Bourdon tube, as shown in the figure.
Assume that a pressure P, which is greater than the atmospheric pressure, acts on at the pressure inlet of the gauge. So, the force that tries to unwind the tube is greater than the force that tries to bend it further. Therefore, the tube unwinds due to the extra pressure exerted on it. This unwinding is then recorded on a scale by using a series of gears and a pointer.
Calibration is the name of the term applied to checking the accuracy or the working condition of the concerned device. So, the calibration of Bourdon Pressure Gauge refers to the checking of its accuracy or reliability in taking a reading.
The apparatus used for this purpose is called the Dead-Weight Gauge Tester. Working of the Dead-Weight Gauge Tester: The working of this gauge tester can be understood easily with the help of the following diagram. Fig: Dead-Weight Gauge Tester. In this figure gauge A and B are the ones to be calculated. We can at any stage disengage any gauge by closing the respective valve. For the illustration purpose, we will just consider the calibration of Gauge A and assume that valve B remains closed.
Therefore pressure encountered at the inlet of Gauge A is the same as P. If not, then there is some problem which must be detected and accounted for. Fix the gauge to be tested on one end of the Dead-Weight Gauge tester and make sure that the valve is fully opened. Meanwhile close the other valve tightly so that no leakage of fluid is ensured. Next, gently place the plunger in the tester ensuring that the plunger should not touch the edges of the bowl.
Allow some time for the system to attain equilibrium, than take the reading from the gauge. Record both the applied and registered pressure in a table of values. Now, remove the plunger and once again after some time record the reading on the gauge. Record it in the table. Now place some weights on the plunger so that the applied pressure is varied.
Then, repeat the above mentioned procedure until there are at least six readings. Record them all in the table. Sl No. Applied Pressure P. Neglecting Zero Error. Conclusion: Hence the working of Bourdon Pressure Gauge and checking of calibration on a deadweight pressure gauge is completed. Apparatus used: LVDT setup. Theory: The letters LVDT are an acronym for Linear Variable Differential Transformer, a common type of electromechanical transducer that can convert the rectilinear motion of an object to which it is coupled mechanically into a corresponding electrical signal.
The transformer's internal structure consists of a primary winding centered between a pair of identically wound secondary windings, symmetrically spaced about the primary.
The coils are wound on a one-piece hollow form of thermally stable glass reinforced polymer, encapsulated against moisture, wrapped in a high permeability magnetic shield, and then secured in cylindrical stainless steel housing. This coil assembly is usually the stationary element of the position sensor.
The moving element of an LVDT is a separate tubular armature of magnet i cal l y permeable material called the core, which is free to move axially within the coil's hollow bore, and mechanically coupled to the object whose position is being measured. This bore is typically large enough to provide substantial radial clearance between the core and bore, with no physical contact between it and the coil.
The device consists of a primary coil, two secondary coils, and a moveable magnetic core which is connected to an external device whose position is of interest. A sinusoidal excitation is applied to the primary coil, which couples with the secondary coils through the magnetic core ie. The position of the magnetic core determines the strength of coupling between the primary and each of the secondary cores, and the difference between the voltages generated across each of the secondary cores is proportional to the displacement of the core from the neutral position, or null point.
Adjust the experimental setup for probe to zero position. Verify all electrical connections. Give the LVDT power supply on. Record the displacement and output voltage. Error V1-V2. Aim: To study the characteristics of a pneumatic displacement gauge. Apparatus used: Model of a pneumatic displacement gauge. In pneumatic type of devices, the displacement signal is converted to pressure signal.
The device shown below is pneumatic displacement gauge and this is also known as flapper nozzle device. A pneumatic displacement gauge system operates with air.
The signal is transmitted in form of variable air pressure often in the range psi, i. One of the basic building blocks of a pneumatic displacement gauge system is the flapper nozzle amplifier. It converts very small displacement signal in order of microns to variation of air pressure. The basic construction of a flapper nozzle amplifier is shown in above figure. Constant air pressure 20psi is supplied to one end of the pipeline.
There is an orifice at this end. Install the pressure cell setup and interface the 9 pin D connector with the pressure measurement module.
Switch ON the module. Calibrate the pressure measurement module by the following procedure. Open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air and nullify the output voltage by using zero adjustment pot, then close the air release valve and apply 20 Psi pressure to the cylinder and adjust the display to 20 Psi by using gain adjustment POT.
After calibration open the air release valve and exhaust the tank inlet air. Close the air release valve and press the pump piston and note down the bridge voltage in mV across T2 and T3, output voltage in V across T5 and GND and the displayed pressure in Psi in the indicator. Repeat the procedure for increasing values of pressure and tabulate the readings.
Pressure should not exceed 20 Psi 5. Plot the error calibration curve. To study the operation and characteristics of operational amplifier. Vref is measured using multi meter across pin 6 and 1 by keeping the pot at maximum position. The analog voltage to be converted is set by using the pot and the voltage set is measured by using multi meter.
The digital output obtained is noted. The procedure is repeated from step 2 for various values of analog input voltage. To study the working of an 8 bit weighted resistor type Digital to Analog converter. The connections are made as per the circuit diagram. Vref is measured across P2 terminal by keeping the pot knob in maximum position. The binary input is applied by closing the appropriate switches. The analog output across P2 terminal by using multi meter. The procedure is repeated for various binary input values.
To Observe and plot the transients waveform for a series RC circuit and compute the time constant. To study the transient behaviour of the given system 2. Signal generator is adjusted for an input of 10 Vpp square wave and designed frequency and then applied to the circuit. To study the transient behavior of the given system 2.
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram. To study the current transformation concept To study the efficiency of a given current transformer To study the loss components in the circuit. SPST2 should be opened before applying the load.
DPST is closed on the primary side and no load voltage and current are noted. SPST 2 is opened and then load is applied in steps. For each load applied, line voltage, primary current, secondary current, and load values are noted down. A graph is drawn between primary current and secondary current is drawn. To study about hysterisis loss 2. Patch the circuit as per the circuit diagram 2. The pot 2 R4 is kept in the maximum position and R3 is selected as 10 initially. The trainer kit is switched ON 4.
Adjust pot 1 R2 and obtain the null position in the CRO. At the bridge balance condition note down the current I1 using multi meter in mA range selection connected in series with R3.
Switch OFF the trainer kit and note down the value of R2 and winding resistance of ring specimen using multi meter. Steps 3 to 6 are repeated for other two settings of R3. Specimen R2 No. Connection are made as per the circuit diagram, keeping the inductive load in the. F Cos.
Pressure should not exceed 20 Psi To study the transient behaviour of the given system 4.
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